When goods cross borders, the contract is the map — and the Incoterm decides who loses. We litigate international sales and their insurance, from Barcelona to wherever the case takes us.
The buyer rejects the goods, fails to pay or alleges non-conformity: the Vienna Convention (CISG) and your contract decide — and the Spanish courts apply it more often than people think.
Non-conforming goods, hidden defects, equipment that does not work: we claim against the foreign seller under the right law and in the right forum.
Commodities with quality disputes, lost certifications, sanitary rejections at destination.
International transport and logistics contracts: framework agreements, force majeure and strike clauses, arbitrations.
Between companies in signatory States, the Vienna Convention (CISG) applies by default — and Spain genuinely applies it: contaminated organic barley, rejected fruit, exported meat failing the destination country's specifications… recent Spanish case law is full of agri-food disputes. Knowing it means playing with an advantage.
Three questions decide the case: was there a genuine lack of conformity? Were the goods examined, and notice given, in time? Is the breach fundamental enough to avoid the contract? And a fourth that almost nobody checks: did the buyer mitigate its loss? In a recent Catalan meat-export case, mitigation moved a six-figure sum.
Because it allocates the risk: in a CIF or CIP sale, risk travels with the goods — and the party that does not bear the risk has no title to sue for the loss. Entire cases have been won on that single argument.
Wherever the clause says — and if there is none, the European regulations and conventions decide. The forum changes the outcome as much as the merits: part of our job is bringing the dispute to Spain when that pays, or taking it abroad with trusted correspondents when that pays more.
contract, Incoterm, transport documents, insurance: who can claim, against whom, where and for how much.
in the language and the form the other side respects.
in Spain, or coordinating with foreign firms.
judgments and awards enforced where the assets are.
Yes. No written form is required for the contract, and emails are evidence, but it needs to be assessed after reviewing the full documentation.
It depends on the forum: Spain, 1–2 years per instance; arbitration, often less — and confidential. The subsequent enforcement counts as much as the judgment.
With assets located, very often yes: there are European procedures designed precisely to make cross-border collection cheaper, and enforcement of decisions circulates freely between Member States. We quantify it for you before starting.
All of the voyage risk — and it should be matched to your cargo insurance and your terms of sale. We audit it for you.
It depends on the amounts, the counterparty and enforcement. Our advice: never copy the clause from the previous contract without thinking it through.